Like the previous editions, the 9th edition of Higher Education and Research in France, Facts and Figures presents an annual overview, backed up by figures, of developments within the French system, its resources and outcomes.

36 human resources in research and development
In 2013, 575,300 people in France were involved in research-related activity. They represented 418,100 full-time equivalents (FTE), an increase of 9.3% in 5 years. More...

Like the previous editions, the 9th edition of Higher Education and Research in France, Facts and Figures presents an annual overview, backed up by figures, of developments within the French system, its resources and outcomes.

35 funding and performance of R&D in France
Businesses based in France fund around 55% of the country's gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD). Total expenditure on R&D by firms is €33.7 billion, which is 85% funded (€28.5 billion) by companies in France and 8% (€2.7 billion) by the government. More...

Like the previous editions, the 9th edition of Higher Education and Research in France, Facts and Figures presents an annual overview, backed up by figures, of developments within the French system, its resources and outcomes.

34 the socio-economic objectives of budget allocations devoted to research and development
In 2015, the Inter-ministerial Mission for Research and Higher Education assigned budget allocations worth €13 billion to research and development. Around 80% of these allocations went to research and higher education institutions in the form of public service subsidies. Operating expenditure accounted for 13% (€1.7 billion) of the allocations, while 9% were spent on international programmes and institutions. More...

Like the previous editions, the 9th edition of Higher Education and Research in France, Facts and Figures presents an annual overview, backed up by figures, of developments within the French system, its resources and outcomes.

33 funding of research and technology by local authorities
In 2014, local authorities devoted €1.3 billion to funding research and technology (R&T). This funding went in large part towards property transactions and technology transfer and innovation. Regional councils accounted for two-thirds of R&T funding, while municipalities were the second local contributor. More...

Like the previous editions, the 9th edition of Higher Education and Research in France, Facts and Figures presents an annual overview, backed up by figures, of developments within the French system, its resources and outcomes.

31 funding for public research and development
Since 2013, the R&D tax credit (CIR) has included three components according to the type of eligible expenditure: research expenditure, innovation expenditure and collection expenditure for the textile-clothing-leather sectors.
The amount of tax credit paid out in totalled €5.57 billion for research expenditure, €74 million for innovation expenditure and €65 million for collection expenditure, a total of €5.7 billion. More...

Like the previous editions, the 9th edition of Higher Education and Research in France, Facts and Figures presents an annual overview, backed up by figures, of developments within the French system, its resources and outcomes.

31 funding for public research and development
In 2013, budget allocations spent on public research totalled nearly €13 billion and funded 69% of all public research and development (R&D). Resources contributed by institutions themselves accounted for nearly €6 billion and for 31% of R&D funding for public research. More...

Like the previous editions, the 9th edition of Higher Education and Research in France, Facts and Figures presents an annual overview, backed up by figures, of developments within the French system, its resources and outcomes.

30 R&D expenditure by France's main public research institutions
Eight State-owned scientific and technological establishments (EPST) and a dozen State-owned industrial and commercial establishments (EPIC) make up France's main research institutions. They are supervised by one or more government ministries and have a public service remit. More...

Like the previous editions, the 9th edition of Higher Education and Research in France, Facts and Figures presents an annual overview, backed up by figures, of developments within the French system, its resources and outcomes.

29 research and development (R&D) in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), intermediate-sized enterprises and large enterprises
Total intramural expenditure on R&D (BERD) of enterprises with establishments in France amounted to €30.7 billion in 2013 (table 29.01). Large companies were responsible for the majority of this expenditure (57%), while intermediate-sized enterprises (entreprises de taille intermédiaire – ETI) accounted for one quarter. In comparison with their intramural expenditure on R&D, SMEs offered more jobs in this area: they accounted for 17% of BERD, with 23% of R&D personnel. More...

Like the previous editions, the 9th edition of Higher Education and Research in France, Facts and Figures presents an annual overview, backed up by figures, of developments within the French system, its resources and outcomes.

28 gross domestic expenditure on research and development
In 2013, half of intramural business expenditure on R&D (BERD) was focused on six industrial branches ('Manufacture of motor vehicles', 'Manufacture of air and spacecraft and related machinery', 'Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations', 'Computer-related and information service activities', 'Professional, scientific and technical activities' and 'Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products'). In the public sector, dedicated research institutions (EPST and EPIC) carried out 54% of all R&D funded by intramural government expenditure (GOVERD). More...

Like the previous editions, the 9th edition of Higher Education and Research in France, Facts and Figures presents an annual overview, backed up by figures, of developments within the French system, its resources and outcomes.

27 research and experimental development efforts in France
France's gross domestic expenditure on research and experimental development (GERD) has doubled since 1983 and accounted for 2.24% of GDP (€47.5 billion) in 2013. Businesses alone implemented 65% of R&D expenditure in France and funded 59% of gross national expenditure on R&D. More...