The Universitas 21 Rankings: Improvement for Brazil, Russia, China and South Africa

The Universitas 21 Ranking of Higher Education Systems, produced by the Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social research, is an attempt to measure the comparative strength of national university systems. There are four groups of variables: Output, which includes articles, citations, performance in the Shanghai Jiao Tong University rankings, enrolment in higher education and graduate outcomes; Resources, based on several measures of expenditure; Connectivity, comprising international, Web and industry linkages and results of a survey; Environment, measured by female participation, data quality and responses to a survey. More...