Différent de l'entretien d'évaluation, l’entretien professionnel est devenu obligatoire avec la réforme de 2014. Les entreprises sont tenues de le réaliser tous les 2 ans et de faire par ailleurs un bilan tous les 6 ans. Cependant, la loi Avenir professionnel du 5 septembre 2018 vient modifier certaines modalités relatives à l’appréciation du parcours professionnel des salariés. Plus...
Près de 92% d'entre eux se disent prêts à exercer différents métiers au cours de leur carrière, et près de la moitié envisagerait sans problème d'occuper plusieurs fonctions à la fois. Plus...
Par Michel Diaz. Grâce au digital learning, construire une organisation apprenante est à la portée de toutes les entreprises, qui pourront en passer par une Learning Academy pour donner cohérence à toutes les innovations et pratiques du digital learning. Plus...
Harar Jugol, the Fortified Historic TownBrief synthesis
The fortified historic town of Harar is located in the eastern part of Ethiopia, 525 km from the capital of Addis Ababa, on a plateau with deep gorges surrounded by deserts and savannah. The walls surrounding this sacred city, considered “the fourth holy city” of Islam, were built between the 13th and 16th centuries and served as a protective barrier. There were five historic gates, which corresponded to the main roads to the town and also served to divide the city into five neighbourhoods, but this division is not functional anymore. The Harar gate, from where the main streets lead to the centre, is of recent construction.Criterion (ii): The historic town of Harar Jugol exhibits an important interchange of values of original Islamic culture, expressed in the social and cultural development of the city enclosed within the otherwise Christian region. Such influences have been merged with traditions that relate to the inland of Africa and particularly to southern Ethiopia, giving a particular characteristic form to its architecture and urban plan.
Criterion (iii): Harar Jugol bears exceptional testimony to cultural traditions related to Islamic and African roots. It is considered “the fourth holy city” of Islam, having been developed by a holy missionary from the Arabic Peninsula. Though a trading place and thus a melting pot of various influences, Harar has been in relative isolation in its region, contributing to a cultural specificity, expressed in its characteristic community structure and traditions, which are still alive.
Criterion (iv): Harar Jugol is an outstanding example of a type of architectural and urban ensemble which illustrates the impact of African and Islamic traditions on the development of specific building types. The building types and the entire urban layout reflect these traditions, which give a particular character and even uniqueness to Harar Jugol.
Criterion (v): Harar Jugol with its surrounding landscape is an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, representative of cultural interaction with the environment. The social and spatial structure (afocha) and the language of the people all reflect a particular and even unique relationship that there developed with the environment. The cultural and physical relationships with the territory have survived till today, but they are also vulnerable to irreversible change under the impact of the modern globalizing world.
Integrity
The inscribed property of Harar Jugol has a core zone of 48 ha which encompass the entire walled city and contains all the attributes that sustain the Outstanding Universal Value of the property. The buffer zone extends 800m to the south and 1700m to the east whilst, on the west side, it is narrow and confined by the new town of Harar. Urban encroachment, on the western edge of the walled town, is the current concern.Authenticity
Harar Jugol is a rare example of a relatively well preserved historic town that has retained its traditions, urban fabric, and rich Harari Muslim cultural heritage to the present time. It is one of the holy towns of Islam in Africa, and the capital of a minority region within Christian Ethiopia. The historic city is physically limited and well defined by its 16th century surrounding wall and the setting has been retained along the eastern and south-eastern sides of the property. However, inappropriate interventions, such as plastering the houses, changing doors from wood to metal, the introduction of non-traditional materials and visual impacts such as TV antennas have been gradually affecting the authenticity of the historic fabric. Guidelines for interventions need to be enforced and communicated amongst the inhabitants to prevent further impacts on the authenticity of the property.
Protection and management requirements
Harar has been officially registered as an Ethiopian National Heritage site since 1974. The legislative framework which protects the property includes the “Heritage Conservation Draft Proclamation of Harari People National Regional State” (January 2000), "The Establishment of Harar Heritage Conservation Office" (Proclamation no. 21/1992) and the Federal Proclamation no. 209/2000 for “Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage”. In addition, four levels of protection have been identified for the property within the Management Plan: principal monuments, important historic buildings, contextual urban fabric and ‘out-of-context’ buildings.
Top Ten Trends for 2005
This is actually a pretty good list, including some dark horses I've been watching myself - the potential of the fueld cell, for example, and the rise of biocraft. One item deals with the lagging U.S. cullular phone industry, another with the potential for desktop search. More...
Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism
One of the founders of Wikipedia expresses concerns about the online encyclopedia's future. Wikipedia needs to appear more credible, he argues, and to do this it needs a mechanism where expertise prevails. More...
Flickr, The Land of 10,000 Memes
What makes the internet great, in my mind, isn't so much the services you can access online, isn't so much online news or even education. It's the stuff around the edges, the odd and sometimes magical forms of self-expression, that the internet enables. The more popular of these end up as internet memes, and through them you see glimpses into humanity no media has ever been able to capture. More...
eBay Stops Accepting Microsoft Passports
Discussion and analysis of Microsoft's retreat from Passport, covered here yesterday. The author suggests that a major beneficiary will be the Liberty Alliance, a consortium of 150 companies providing federated identity management. Maybe. More...
A Smaller World
With the dawn of 2005 I begin my tenth year publishing Stephen's Web and the fifth year I have been mailing copies of OLDaily to the world. In that time I've lived in three cities and travelled across Canada and around the world. It has been, for me, a decade of tremendous growth, and for all of us, I think, a decade in which the world grew smaller, more interconnected, more cohesive. More...
Bleary Days for Eyes on the Prize
The part of popular culture that most resembles education is the documentary. And the cost of making documentaries has been rising dramatically because of increased licensing costs. More...
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