The European Skills Index (ESI) is Cedefop’s composite indicator measuring the performance of EU skills systems. The ESI measures countries’ “distance to the ideal” performance. This ideal performance is chosen as the highest achieved by any country over a period of 7 years. The ideal performance is scaled to be 100 and the scores of all countries are then computed and compared to that. The ESI consists of three pillars; skills development, activation and matching, each of which measures a different aspect of a skills system. Basis of the ESI are 15 individual indicators from various international datasets. More...

This section presents estimates for future employment for a specific sector. These are presented for both percentage growth and change in absolute numbers. Additional graphs present the top 10 occupations of employment and the employment by qualification in absolute numbers for the selected sector. It is possible to filter by a single sector and a single country, and compare its estimates with other countries. More...

This section presents a country summary of estimates for future employment, future total job openings and future labour force growth. In terms of future employment the top 10 sectors and occupations are presented for both percentage growth and change in absolute numbers. The occupations with the highest replacement demand and total job openings are presented in absolute numbers. Regarding future labour force growth, its percentage growth by age group, gender and qualification is available. It is possible to filter by country. More...

This section presents estimates of future total job openings by country and occupation. These include job openings to occur in the future due to both expansion of employment and the need to replace existing workforce leaving the occupation for various reasons, with retirement being the most common. It is possible to filter by occupation and/or country. Different start and end year points are offered as options in order to view both the short and the medium term. The purpose of the graphs below is provide a comparative view of job openings across occupations and countries. More...

This section presents estimates for future employment, future job openings and replacement needs for a specific occupation. The future employment estimates are presented in both percentage growth and change in absolute numbers. Additional graphs present the top 10 sectors of employment and the employment by qualification in absolute numbers for the selected occupation. More...

This section presents estimates of future labour force growth by country. These are presented in terms of both percentage growth and change in absolute numbers. It is possible to filter by gender or age but not both simultaneously. Different start and end year points are offered as options in order to view both the short and the medium term. Additional graphs show the future EU trends by gender and age. More...

This section presents estimates of future employment growth by country. These are presented in terms of both percentage growth and change in absolute numbers.  It is possible to filter by sector of economic activity or occupation but not both simultaneously. Different start and end year points are offered as options in order to view both the short and the medium term. The purpose of the graphs below is provide a comparative view of future trends of employment in sectors and occupations across countries. More...

Cedefop skills forecasts offers quantitative projections of the future trends in employment by sector of economic activity and occupational group. Future trends on the level of education of the population and the labour force are also estimated. Cedefop’s forecasts use harmonised international data and a common methodological approach with the aim to offer cross-country comparisons about employment trends in sectors, occupations and qualifications. The forecasts and the methodologies applied are validated by a group of national experts. Nevertheless, it is not their purpose to substitute national forecasts, which often utilise more detailed methodologies and data, while they also incorporate in-depth knowledge of the labour market of the country. More...

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