Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la RechercheThe data on the R&D effort in OECD countries used here (chapter 27) are taken from the OECD's MSTI database, which was updated in June 2014. For the purposes of this database, the R&D effort was calculated using the unrevised GDP data to ensure that it remains comparable, as not all European countries implemented this change at the same time. However, in the rest of the document, the GDP used has 2010 as the base year (as revised in May 2014). More...