Réforme l'organisation des services académiques et départementaux de l'éducation nationale

Des directeurs académiques des services de l’éducation nationale (DA-SEN) remplaceront les inspecteurs d’académie, directeurs des services départementaux. Ils seront chargés de mettre en œuvre la stratégie académique au niveau départemental. Ils auront la qualité de chef de service déconcentré dans le département et interviendront en qualité de délégataires de la signature du recteur d'académie
Un comité de direction de l’académie sera mis en place et constitué du recteur et de ses adjoints: le secrétaire général d’académie et les directeurs académiques.
Enfin, un cadre juridique est établit pour permettre la création de services interdépartementaux et les mutualisations de services, en application d'un schéma de mutualisation arrêté par le recteur. Celui-ci pourra ainsi charger un service de l'académie ou un service départemental de l'éducation nationale, le cas échéant, pour l'ensemble de l'académie, de missions d'étude, d'expertise, de gestion, y compris des personnels, d'appui technique à la maîtrise d'ouvrage, de la préparation d'actes administratifs ou du contrôle du budget et des actes des établissements publics locaux d'enseignement. Décret n° 2012-16 du 5 janvier 2012.

Résultats de l'enquête du FPSPP sur le dispositif Professionnalisation en 2010

44% des contrats de professionnalisation sont accueillis dans une entreprise de moins de 20 salariés.
68% des contrats de professionnalisation CDD comportent un nombre d’heures de formation < 800 h.
67% des contrats de Professionnalisation CDI comportent un nombre d’heures de formation < 500 h.
Les niveaux d’entrée en formation des bénéficiaires de ces contrats sont principalement de niveau IV et inférieur.
Les trois-quarts des contrats de Professionnalisation Jeunes concernent des jeunes âgés de 21 à 25 ans.
Les trois-quarts des spécialités de formation concernent les domaines technico-professionnels des services dont les deux tiers dans les domaines des échanges et gestion (commerce, vente, comptabilité, transport)
Les trois-quarts des périodes de professionnalisation concernent des salariés d’entreprises de 50 salariés et plus.
66% des périodes de professionnalisation comportent un nombre d’heures de formation < 80h.
Les bénéficiaires ont un niveau d’entrée en formation principalement de niveau IV et inférieur.
50% des CTP et CRP comportent un nombre d’heures de formation > 120 h.
55% des DIF prioritaires comportent un nombre d’heures de formation < 20 h. La moitié des bénéficiaires des DIF prioritaires et portables sont issus de la catégorie socioprofessionnelle Ouvriers-Employés.
Consulter les résultats de l'enquête FPSPP sur la professionnalisation en 2010 (novembre 2011, 118 p.)

44% z prípravy zmlúv, sú vítaní v obchodovaní s menej než 20 zamestnancami.
68% z prípravy zmlúv, CSD majú počet hodín školení <800 h.
67% CDI prípravy zmluvy obsahujú počet hodín školení <500 h. Viac...
Accompagnement des jeunes demandeurs d’emploi par des opérateurs privés de placement

Cet accompagnement renforcé a fait l’objet d’une évaluation dont la Dares fait l'écho dans un récent numéro de Dares Analyses.
L'accompagnement par les OPP a augmenté significativement la proportion de jeunes occupant un CDD d’au moins 6 mois.
L’impact de cet accompagnement a été hétérogène : il est supérieur pour les hommes, les plus diplômés et pour ceux pris en charge par des opérateurs du secteur marchand. À un horizon plus lointain (16 ou 20 mois), l’accompagnement par les OPP n’a plus eu d’impact statistiquement significatif sur le taux d’emploi comme sur le taux d’emploi durable.
Par ailleurs, l’évaluation a mis en évidence des effets d’éviction à court terme : pour certains métiers recherchés essentiellement par des jeunes diplômés, l’accès plus rapide à l’emploi durable des jeunes pris en charge par les OPP s’est effectué en large partie au détriment des jeunes non accompagnés.
Télécharger l'étude de la Dares sur l'accompagnement des jeunes demandeurs d’emploi par des opérateurs privés de placement (décembre 2011, 14 p.)

This support has strengthened the subject of an assessment whose Dares echoed in a recent issue of Dares analysis. The accompaniment by the OPP significantly increased proportion of young people a CSD at least 6 months. The impact of this support has been mixed: it is higher for men, the most educated and those supported by operators in the market sector. More...
Laurent Wauquiez: "Plus personne ne conteste le principe de l'autonomie des universités"
Par Nadia Gorbatko. Quelques mois après la rentrée, Laurent Wauquiez, ministre de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche depuis le mois de juin dernier, revient sur les réformes en cours au sein des universités et développe sa vision de leur avenir. Entretien.
Comment jugez-vous le déroulement du premier semestre universitaire?
Cette rentrée a été celle de la concrétisation du changement en cours depuis 2007. Des réformes extrêmement ambitieuses comme l'autonomie des universités ou l'arrêté licence (1) ont été lancées. Elles sont aujourd'hui quasiment concrétisées : au 1er janvier 2012, l'ensemble des universités ont accédé à l'autonomie. Plus personne n'en conteste le principe. C'est une belle victoire. Cette rentrée a aussi été pour moi l'occasion de m'attaquer à un autre chantier : l'amélioration des conditions d'études des étudiants, élément essentiel de leur réussite. Dès septembre, j'ai ainsi mis en place le versement d'un dixième mois de bourse. J'ai lancé le passeport étudiant pour faciliter leur accession au logement. Enfin, dernière opération à laquelle je tenais beaucoup, l'offre de tablettes étudiantes à moins d'un euro par jour est commercialisée. De véritables progrès ont été réalisés et je veillerai à ce que cela continue.
Quel bilan faites-vous, quatre ans après son vote, de la Loi relative aux libertés et responsabilité des universités (LRU)?
Sur les cinq dernières années, nous avons modifié en profondeur le visage de nos universités avec un objectif clair: construire l'université du 21ème siècle, renforcer son attractivité et sa compétitivité, maintenir le niveau d'excellence académique, tout en renforçant sa mission d'insertion professionnelle. Le mouvement de refondation de l'université, engagé par le Gouvernement en 2007, a permis d'aligner notre système universitaire sur les meilleurs standards internationaux et d'accélérer l'entrée de la France dans l'économie de la connaissance.
En quoi la LRU rend-t-elle les universités plus attractives?
Elle représente une vraie révolution institutionnelle. Pour la première fois, les ressources financières et humaines, l'immobilier ou les systèmes informatiques sont gérés directement par les établissements. S'agissant des cursus, nous avons mis en place un enseignement personnalisé tourné vers la réussite de chacun. L'adaptation de leur offre de formation aux besoins économiques du monde de l'entreprise est au cœur des réformes. C'est notamment ce qu'institutionnalise l'arrêté licence que j'ai pris cet été.
Le processus va-t-il se poursuivre comme prévu avec le transfert du patrimoine immobilier?
La dévolution du patrimoine est l'étape ultime de l'autonomie. Depuis la rentrée 2011, trois universités sont propriétaires de leur patrimoine: Clermont 1, Toulouse 1 et Poitiers. L'Etat transfère non seulement le patrimoine immobilier, mais aussi la responsabilité de planifier et de financer tous les projets. Pour ces établissements, c'est un atout supplémentaire pour construire leur stratégie. Sur le Campus de Poitiers, par exemple, cela a permis la rénovation des amphithéâtres et la construction d'un learning center. Neuf autres universités souhaitent devenir propriétaires de leurs patrimoines.
Qu'est-il envisagé pour aplanir les difficultés budgétaires de certaines universités confrontées, notamment, à un accroissement de leur masse salariale?
Sur les 150 établissements d'enseignement supérieur, seuls trois connaissent des difficultés passagères. C'est l'arbre qui cache la forêt d'une réussite incontestable, alors que 147 établissements ont parfaitement su gérer le budget alloué. Bien sûr, il peut y avoir des difficultés passagères, mais l'autonomie est un processus d'apprentissage pour les universités et pour l'Etat. Nous devons apprendre à gérer ensemble, sereinement, les quelques difficultés qui apparaissent ponctuellement et qui ne sauraient remettre en cause tous les bénéfices de l'autonomie pour les étudiants et les personnels de nos établissements d'enseignement supérieurs. Face à ces défis, nous accompagnons ces établissements : sur la masse salariale, par exemple, un effort exceptionnel a été fait. Nous avons transféré aux universités plus de moyens que ce que l'Etat payait préalablement. Il faut les aider à rattraper le manque d'investissements du passé, indépendamment de la couleur politique des gouvernements précédents.
Comment l'université du 21e siècle pourra-t-elle concilier excellence, attractivité et frugalité budgétaire?
Je considère que les investissements d'aujourd'hui sont la croissance d'aujourd'hui et de demain. La crise ne doit donc pas être un frein aux investissements dans l'enseignement supérieur et la recherche. Toutes les mesures que nous prenons interviennent dans un contexte de gestion rigoureuse de la dépense publique. Mais celle-ci n'est pas aveugle car nous construisons l'avenir de la France en investissant dans les secteurs stratégiques. Dans le projet de loi de finances pour 2012, le secteur de l'enseignement supérieur et de la recherche a été préservé. Tant sur le plan budgétaire que sur le plan fiscal, l'effort est exceptionnel. Illustration de cette politique, le budget des universités a augmenté de 23% en moyenne depuis 2007. En cinq ans, l'Etat a accru ses moyens deux fois plus que sur les 10 années précédentes!
Où en est le programme "investissements d'avenir"?
Les investissements sont notre meilleure arme anticrise. Avec les investissements d'avenir, nous consacrons 22 milliards d'euros à l'enseignement supérieur et nous déployons un accélérateur de compétitivité pour la recherche française au plus haut niveau mondial. Notre rôle est d'accompagner et de favoriser l'innovation, le meilleur des moteurs pour relancer l'économie. Ma conviction est que la recherche est la clé de notre avenir. C'est le choix politique que nous avons fait au plus fort de la crise. Les projets se mettent en place, et je ne compte pas m'arrêter en si bon chemin.
(1) Le Conseil national de l’enseignement supérieur et de la recherche (Cneser) a adopté, le 12 juillet 2011, un arrêté relatif au diplôme de la licence modifiant celui de 2002.
Af Nadia Gorbatko. Et par måneder efter starten, returnerer Laurent Wauquiez, minister for højere uddannelse og forskning siden sidste juni, at de igangværende reformer på universiteterne og udvikle deres syn på deres fremtid. Vedligeholdelse. Mere...
New breed of university will make UK 'best place in world to do science'
By Alok Jha. Science minister David Willetts describes plans to attract international investment in scientific research to Britain.
The UK government wants to encourage the formation of a new class of university that will focus on science, technology and postgraduate training. Science minister David Willetts said on Wednesday that there would be no extra public funding for the new institutions but that they would help to build the UK's research base through private and international investment.
In a speech at the Policy Exchange thinktank, Willetts said the government's ambition was to make the UK the "best place in the world to do science". Globalisation was still at its earliest stages when it came to higher education, said Willetts, and so it was a good time to attract international investment to the UK.
"There's a lot of talk about British universities setting up campuses abroad. But then you think there is international resource here and perhaps some [overseas universities] might want to make a partnership with a British university or a British business and set up some kind of operation here," he said.
An existing British university might build a new campus or set up a new international partnership, or a foreign university might want to set up a research institute in the UK. A big city might offer a location for the new institution, for example, in the way New York has done in its recent competition inviting proposals for a new graduate school on the site of a disused hospital on Roosevelt Island. Willets said the government wanted proposals from local economic partnerships, universities, businesses and international partners.
"There will be no additional government funding," said Willetts. "This time we will be looking to private finance and perhaps sponsorship from some of the businesses that are keen to recruit more British graduates." He said the government would seek to remove, through legislation if necessary, any regulatory red tape in setting up the new institutions.
"The aim is to attract more internationally mobile research to the UK," said Willetts. "We've got this internationally respected science research base, public money is limited and we always have to be smarter and smarter about how we attract in private investment as well."
Imran Khan, director of the Campaign for Science and Engineering, welcomed Willetts's ambitions to make the UK an attractive place for international research. "We should aim to be the best place in the world for science, but we're currently way behind nations such as Germany, Japan and the US in terms of business and industry investment in research.
"Today David Willetts reiterated a whole series of positive measures the coalition is taking to incentivise more private sector investment – but no political party has yet outlined a clear alternative vision for the UK economy. The government should spell out what they think a 'rebalanced' economy looks like. What would really count as 'success' for their innovation policies?"
Droit à la formation ou à la reconversion professionnelle

Comme le droit à la santé, le droit à la formation ne prend sens que pour celles et ceux qui en éprouvent le besoin dans un système où les praticiens sont efficaces et compétents ! Le droit à la santé avec des hôpitaux en ruine, des rebouteux en guise de médecins et le primat donné à l’automédication n’est qu’illusion. Le droit à la formation avec des prestataires essentiellement guidés par une rentabilité de court terme, dispensant les mêmes contenus que ceux du système éducatif et sans valeur ajoutée par rapport aux processus de développement des adultes ne serait qu’une bulle financière aux effets virtuels.
En fait dans le champ de l’usage des savoirs par les adultes (ce qui est la seule question qui vaille du point de vus du fléchage des prélèvements obligatoires), ce qui compte ce sont les finalités et les objectifs poursuivis par la société. Le droit à la formation, de ce point de vue, est une abstraction s’il reste dissocié d’un projet de société! Pourtant on peut désormais cerner la priorité essentielle d’un système organisé de formation dédié aux adultes ayant le moins bénéficié de l’ investissement éducatif, en clair un droit à la reconversion professionnelle. Cette priorité s’ impose sous l’ effet de l’accélération des transformations du travail, de l’installation d’un chômage de masse et de longue durée et du développement d’une zone d’emplois précaires et dévalués qui traduit un sous-investissement dans la professionnalisation de certains emplois (jugés sans grande valeur ajoutée).
Cette priorité permettrait de rompre avec la représentation dominante qui veut que l’occupation d’ un emploi en CDI du bas de l’échelle en début de vie active pour les filles et fils d’ouvriers et d’employés suffit comme ambition collective et individuelle. Dans cette approche les priorités consistent à se focaliser sur les exclus du marché du travail sans comprendre qu’une des causes de l’exclusion des uns est le surplace professionnel des autres ! Rappelons que la France est marquée par le déclin professionnel à mi-carrière de millions de salariés qui n’ont d’autres perspectives que la retraite…
Sans vouloir minorer les autres causes du chômage (sur lesquelles la formation continue n’a guère d’effet) la question des mobilités et des transitions professionnelles accompagnées est le registre principal d’usage de la formation des actifs les moins qualifiés (les 13 millions d’ouvriers, d’employés et de techniciens de ce pays qu’ils soient en emploi ou au chômage). L’adaptation permanente des salariés aux évolutions des métiers qui relève des responsabilités de l’employeur et du dialogue social dans l’entreprise n’a nul besoin d’usines à gaz pour s’organiser: la jurisprudence a réglé cette question. Par contre l’organisation territoriale d’un droit à la reconversion professionnelle pour tous les actifs contraints ou désireux de changer de métier, d’évoluer professionnellement, de changer de secteur d’activité avec un filet de sécurité suffisant pour tenter cette étape, serait une façon judicieuse d’accentuer les mobilités volontaires, d’appuyer les vrais projets professionnels et vocationnels de nombreux adultes, de redonner sens à l’investissement formation, de traduire en acte le concept de formation différée, de faire converger projets individuels et dynamique économique globale…
Cette finalité aurait également le mérite de restructurer une partie de l’appareil de formation autour d’une ambition exigeante en termes de qualité des réponses à apporter à un public hétérogène en termes de statut (licenciés économiques, salariés, chômeurs) mais marqués par des objectifs de requalification favorisant l’engagement en formation. La dimension multi-statutaire de ce droit qui pourrait être étendu aux fonctionnaires dégagerait une force de frappe budgétaire non négligeable et moins coûteuse que l’actuelle fragmentation des mesures ayant vaguement le même objet (CIF, CSP, promotion sociale, CNAM, formation qualifiantes de l’AFPA et des GRETA…). Enfin cette option permettrait de rapprocher et d’optimiser les instruments de l’orientation, de la VAE et de la formation qualifiante trop souvent segmentés.

Universities reject higher education reform

The universities should turn to the government with their comments, Feranc said, adding that Education Minister Josef Dobes (Public Affairs, VV) was distorting their objections. Work on the reform has continued for a number of years. It is to introduce university tuition fees.
Due to the disagreement of the academics, the changes have always been postponed.
"The chairmen of the academic senates ask academic senates to consider all the relevant steps with which to make the state power respect the will of members of academic communities and their democratically elected representatives," the resolution passed by the academic senate chairmen said.
"They may consider public protests such as resolutions and petitions and, if need be, demonstrations and strikes," the resolution said.
The university dignitaries lost patience after the Education Ministry failed to deal with their 11 basic comments, Feranc said. If it had not, the minister would have to inform all government members about them, he added. The report on the bill on universities is "expediently misleading and it deliberately distorts the comments submitted by the Council of Universities," Feranc said.
This is why university representatives have sent a letter to the government highlighting the complaints of the academic community, he added. The university dignitaries criticise what they call the unpreparedness of the law on financial help to students and some planned changes. Fewer students are to newly sit on the academic senates. The universities also object to that the titles of professor and senior lecturer are not to have national validity, but only to be linked with the specific university that granted them.
The academics have also rejected the tuition fees. They should start to be paid as from 2013, with the maximum fee of 10,000 crowns ($1=19.893 crowns) for a semester. The planned reform includes the introduction of saving and loans for tuition. The state would guarantee the banks' loans.
Bibliometrics and the Leiden Ranking

In December 2011, the Centre for Science and Technology Studies (CWTS) at Leiden University published figures for the 2011/2012 Leiden Ranking. The Leiden Ranking is a scoring system designed to measure the impact of academic scientific research undertaken in the world’s 500 most research-intensive universities. In addition, the Leiden Ranking also looks at the collaborative research published by several institutions and considers the networks that are formed between different universities. With numerous output measures and a vast amount of bibliometric data, this new ranking system helps to paint a more accurate picture of which universities are really making an impact on the world in terms of research output.
Methodology and Data
The researchers at CWTS used bibliometric data from over 2.5 million journal articles, letters and reviews published between 2005 and 2009. The articles et cetera studied included both English and non-English language publications, with separate analyses being undertaken on English-only and all-language publications. Only publications in the sciences and social sciences were included in the research; papers from the arts and humanities were excluded since according to the lead researchers, the bibliometric indicators obtained from the data “do not have sufficient accuracy”.
The primary indicators used to measure the impact of a university’s research include the number of publications (P), the Mean Citation Score (MCS – the average number of citations for a publication from that university), the Mean Normalized Citation Score (MNCS – the MCS adjusted for field differences, publication year and document type) and the Proportion Top 10% Publications (PPtop 10% – the proportion of publications from that university that, compared with similar publications, belong to the top 10% most frequently cited). As an example, if Princeton University had a MNCS score of 3, then on average, publications from Princeton are being cited 3 times more often than the world average.
In terms of collaborative networks, the main indicators of interest were deemed to be the proportion of publications that were collaborative works (PPcollab), the proportion of collaborative publications co-authored between two or more countries (PPint collab), the mean geographical collaboration distance (MGCD) and the proportion of collaborative publications that have a geographical distance of over 1000km between two of the universities (PP>1000km). CWTS undertook analyses where full counting and also fractional counting of collaborative publications were considered. For a hypothetical publication written by 3 scientists at ETH Zurich and 1 scientist at McGill University, under full counting both ETH’s and McGill’s publication counts (P) would increase by one. Under fractional counting, ETH’s P-number would increase by 0.75 and McGill’s P-number would increase by 0.25.
Results
An article published on the Leiden rankings by the Times Higher Education Supplement highlighted several interesting results obtained from the data. However, I wish to consider the much broader picture of what is implied by the data via graphical illustrations and some non-parametric statistical testing. Here I consider all publications (regardless of language) and assume fractional counting for collaborative papers. I have also added a new categorical variable to the data indicating the region that each university’s country belongs to.
Evident disparities are observed between countries and between geographic regions. Africa’s only entries are four universities in South Africa; Cape Town, Pretoria, Stellenbosch and Witwatersrand. All of these institutions produced less than 5,000 research publications between 2005 and 2009 in the sciences; furthermore, Cape Town University had the highest PPtop 10% value of the African entrants, with a score of 10%. As for the universities in South America (countries include Brazil (light blue), Chile (yellow) and Argentina (black)), all universities score between 4% and 6% for PPtop 10%, regardless of P. The University of Sao Paulo has a PPtop 10% of 5%, which is very similar to the other universities considered here, yet published over 17,300 papers in the 5-year period considered.
Perhaps the most interesting results come from the large clusters in the plots marked “Asia”, “Europe” and “North America”. The black dots in the “North America” plot indicate universities in the United States, the purple ones from Canada; the highest point on the y-axis corresponds to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and the right-most point on the x-axis is Harvard University. The “Europe” plot shows Swiss and UK institutions performing highest; the two blue points are (from left to right) the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) and ETH Zurich. The grey points represent UK institutions and the highest points on the y-axis include the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Durham, Imperial College London, Cambridge and Oxford (the latter two having almost identical PPtop 10% and P values). Whilst we can identify high fliers with respect to this criterion, are the genuine differences on average between one nation’s universities and another’s?
To answer this question we may perform a statistical test called the Mann-Whitney U Test, which tests whether one of two samples of independent observations tends to have larger values than the other. This test is non-parametric, meaning that we do not need to make distributional assumptions about the data we are using; we only assume that the observations are independent of one another and that the distribution of the bibliometric indicator of interest is continuous.
Using this statistical test to compare the null hypothesis (that a bibliometric indicator is distributed identically in country A and country B) against the alternative hypothesis (that there is a difference in the median of the distribution between country A and country B’s bibliometric indicator), we find that in some cases there is evidence for genuine median differences, and in other cases, not so much evidence.
Table 1 shows the p-values (not to be confused with the number of publications, P) obtained from applying the Mann-Whitney U test to compare the PPtop 10% scores of 4 nations; China, Germany, United Kingdom and United States. The p-values in the table each represent the probability of obtaining a difference in medians of PPtop 10% scores between two nations at least as great as that observed previously, assuming that the null hypothesis is in fact true. So the smaller the p-value, then the more in favour we are of rejecting the null hypothesis. As we can see, the comparisons of China versus the United Kingdom or United States, and Germany versus the United Kingdom or United States show that there is very strong evidence against the null hypothesis; i.e. that there is a genuine difference between the medians of the distributions of PPtop 10% scores. However, when considering the universities of China versus the universities of Germany, or the universities of the United Kingdom versus those of the United States, there is little evidence against the null hypothesis. In the example of UK versus US, whilst we may observed several extreme high-achievers for the US, there is little evidence to suggest that the average (median) PPtop 10% score differs significantly between the two nation’s universities.
With the plethora of data from CWTS, one can spend a great deal of time conducting further analyses and compare universities on all sorts of grounds. Perhaps the nicest thing of all, regardless of the analysis one may conduct, is that it is quite pleasant to have an academic league table that is based purely on objective bibliometric data, rather than other tables that use heavily-subjective measures or arbitrary weighting systems for certain assessment criteria.
References
The Leiden Ranking Webpage.
Data used in the Leiden Ranking research.
"UK fails to shine in citations league" - Times Higher Education Supplement, 22nd December 2011.
Internationalisation of higher education has expanded dramatically

She was delivering the inaugural Erudite Lecture on the theme ‘Internationalisation of Higher Education in the 21st Century’ at the School of International Relations and Politics (SIRP), Mahatma Gandhi University here on Wednesday.
Prof. Knight said that internationalisation referred to different things to different people, and the overall picture that is emerging is one of complexity, diversity and differentiation. The internationalisation of higher education is a process that is evolving as both actor and reactor to the new realities and rather turbulent times facing higher education. She said that the international activities of universities dramatically expanded in volume, scope, and complexity during the past decades. These activities range from traditional study-abroad programs, allowing students to learn about other cultures, to providing access to higher education in countries where local institutions cannot meet the demand. Other activities stress upgrading the international perspectives and skills of students, enhancing foreign language programmes, and providing cross cultural understanding.
Prof. Knight said that although globalisation and internationalisation were related, they are not the same. While globalisation is the context of economic and academic trends that are part of the reality of the 21st century, internationalisation incorporated the policies and practices that are undertaken by academic systems and institutions—and even individuals—to cope with the global academic environment. The motivations for internationalisation include commercial advantage, knowledge and language acquisition, enhancing the curriculum with international content, and many others. Specific initiatives such as branch campuses, cross-border collaborative arrangements, programs for international students, establishing English-medium programmes and degrees, and others have been put into place as part of the internationalisation process. Attempts to monitor international initiatives and ensure quality are integral to the international higher education milieu, Prof. Knight pointed out.
Earlier, inaugurating the lecture series, University Vice Chancellor Rajan Gurukkal, said that “deeper knowledge is essentially subversive” but the current trends in higher education across the world tend to mould people to be “conformists” in every sense. In the emerging scenario, discursive practices are seen as uninvited guests and thereby taking away politics of deeper knowledge from the very process of developing critical consciousness, Prof. Gurukkal said.
Raju Thadikkaran, Director, SIRP welcomed the gathering. K. M. Seethi chaired the session. M.V. Bijulal, P.P. Raveendran, Suresh and others spoke.
Meanwhile, the University has informed that Prof. Knight will be the Scholar-in-Residence during January - February 2012 and will deliver a series of lectures on various themes of higher education. The programme is being organised in association with the Kerala State Higher Education Council.
For many, it’s a matter of degrees

If the government hopes to keep its best and brightest at home, it must resolve these issues and build a world-class university system from within, said Sim Socheata, one of three Cambodians on scholarship at the University of Melbourne, Australia, who spoke to the Post about their frustrations with Cambodian education.
“It is time for Cambodians to start researching, analysing, drawing conclusions and suggesting what needs to be done... Up until now, this has been largely left to external advisers,” said the 29-year-old, who is studying for her master’s in public health.
Obstacles hindering Cambodia’s higher education system include low salaries for teachers – which force them into second jobs – a lack of materials and equipment and a “mushrooming” of the private system, which has encouraged a focus on profit over quality, and flooded the labour market with graduates who can’t find work in their field, she said.
Men Nimmith, 42, moved to Australia to study for a PhD in law in a quest to do the “bigger and better things” he believes are impossible with only a Cambodian degree.
“Higher education in Cambodia has lower quality and very limited facilities. For example, poor library and teaching/learning techniques,” he said.
But Cambodian students suffer not because the government cannot afford to properly fund education, but because it chooses not to, he said.
“[The government is] spending too little on the education sector, and too much on the military,” he said, adding that rampant corruption also takes a toll.
In the place of quality learning, a system of “ceremonial education”, in which bribes are paid for degrees, is flourishing, Men Nimmith said.
“It is dangerous that several of the universities are very powerful and active in selling diplomas. It is frightening,” he said, declining to name specific universities.
Mak Ngoy, director general of higher education at the Ministry of Education, denies such corruption exists and said such beliefs have arisen from “confusion”.
“There is no such issue. Those who don’t study or go to school, we will not give degrees. There is no buying of degrees in Cambodia,” he said.
“The concept of private university tuition fees started in 1997. So it’s not buying a degree. It is just a study tuition fee. People may be confused by this.”
Khim Keovathanak, 37, from Phnom Penh, is studying for a PhD in health systems in Melbourne and spends his holiday teaching at the Royal University of Phnom Penh.
Cambodia’s system lacks rules, regulations and uniformity, which results in students not being taught “the basics” of university, such as meeting deadlines and avoiding plagiarism, he said.
“The teachers are being constrained in terms of doing their job properly. They are not being paid enough and are in environments not conducive to their work,” he said. “They have to provide for a family, so they have to do other jobs.”
The UNDP-funded Human Capital Report, released in August, voices similar concerns.
“In most cases, students graduating from university with degrees in management, accounting and business administration were found to be lacking in the essential skills and practical experience required for employment in the field for which they were supposed to be qualified,” the report says.
Scoping Study: Research Capacities of Cambodia’s Universities, commissioned by the Development Research Forum in Cambodia and released last year, examines 15 universities, public and private, and concludes that research is lacking, due partly to a “missing generation of academics in the immediate post-conflict era”, but exacerbated by inadequate funding and professional development of staff.
“There is a relative absence of any government budget allocation for research activities in public universities,” it said. “Salaries remain low [and] lecturers tend to take up part-time teaching at a number of other institutions.”
The report recommends universities develop research, form partnerships with civil society groups, state agencies and the private sector, and establish long-term goals.
Mak Ngoy cannot say how much money the government invests in education because he is “not in charge of it”, but he defends the funding put into universities.
“The education sector receives much more than other sectors. I have no figure, but I know it’s a lot... We (also) have support from donors and development partners.
“The Cambodian government regards the education sector as a priority and always increases money for it from one year to another,” he said.
Public university teachers earn at least US$100 per month plus between $2.30 for each hour of actual teaching, but if their universities offer additional private classes, teachers can earn more than $500 per month, Mak Ngoy said.
As to why teachers are taking second or third jobs, “it’s better to ask them”.
Cambodia’s higher education sector, which comprises 97 institutions, 38 of them public, has come a long way since the 1990s, when only students who won scholarships could study, Mak Ngoy said.
“We did not have full peace until 1998. So we have had 13 years to build the education system, and we have seen an increase in both quality and quantity.”
About 10 employers the Post spoke to, including phone companies, NGOs and banks, said experience is the most important thing they look for in jobseekers, followed by education.
One Phnom Penh-based technology company told the Post it prefers graduates who have studied in other countries, preferably Japan, the US or Australia, because they have “more advanced skills”.
However, this is not something the company mentions in job descriptions or interviews, so it asked not to be named. Mak Ngoy acknowledges that many students want to study in countries such as Japan and Australia.
“[But these] are developed countries, so development means that everything is better, including the education system. [However] paying to study at university here is not too expensive, [and] we give more than 5,000 students per year a scholarship.”
Ek Tha, spokesman for the Press and Quick Reaction Unit of the Council of Ministers, said the government is looking to countries such as the US, Canada and Australia for ways to improve.
“Those governments heavily invest in education, and this is why Cambodia wants to improve its quality of education by calling for investment in education. We want our children and students to obtain higher education [here] like students overseas.”
While Cambodia’s students wait for this change, Sim Socheata said they also need to take responsibility for their learning.
“How serious do Cambodian students commit to reading books other than the required course books?” she asked.
“We need to promote the culture of reading among our generations, as through reading we begin to acquire broader knowledge outside what we learn through the system.”